The Stanford Emerging Technology Review 2025

THE STANFORD EMERGING TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2025 A Report on Ten Key Technologies and Their Policy Implications CO-CHAIRS Condoleezza Rice John B. Taylor Jennifer Widom Amy Zegart DIRECTOR AND EDITOR IN CHIEF Herbert S. Lin Stanford University Stanford, California MANAGING EDITOR Martin Giles CONTENTS FOREWORD 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 INTRODUCTION 18 The Role of Science and Technology in Advancing National Interests 18 Policy for Science and Technology 19 Ten Science and Technology Fields 19

Biology 39

Commonalities 156 Key Observations About How Technologies Evolve over Time 157 Common Innovation Enablers and Inhibitors 164

Policy Area 174 Economic Growth 174 National Security 176 Environmental and Energy Sustainability 177 Health and Medicine 179 Civil Society 180 CONCLUSION 182 LEADERSHIP 184 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 188